Researchers at QuTech, a collaboration between TU Delft and TNO, have shown that germanium semiconductor technology can be used to build a two-dimensional array of qubits to function as a quantum processor.
Electrons trapped in quantum dots, semiconductor structures of only a few tens of nanometres in size, have been studied for more than two decades as a platform for quantum information. Despite all promises, scaling beyond two-qubit logic has remained elusive. To break this barrier, the groups of Menno Veldhorst and Giordano Scappucci decided to take an entirely different approach and started to work with holes in germanium. Using this approach, the same electrodes needed to define the qubits could also be used to control and entangle them. ‘No large additional structures have to be added next to each qubit such that our qubits are almost identical to the transistors in a computer chip,’ says Nico Hendrickx, graduate student and first author of the article. ‘Furthermore, we have obtained excellent control and can couple qubits at will, allowing us to program one, two, three, and four-qubit gates, promising highly compact quantum circuits.‘
After successfully creating the first germanium quantum dot qubit in 2019, the number of qubits on their chips has doubled every year. ‘Four qubits by no means makes a universal quantum computer, of course,’ Veldhorst says. ‘But by putting the qubits in a two-by-two grid we now know how to control and couple qubits along different directions.’ Any realistic architecture for integrating large numbers of qubits requires them to be interconnected along two dimensions.
Demonstrating four-qubit logic in germanium defines the state-of-the-art for the field of quantum dots and marks an important step toward dense, and extended, two-dimensional semiconductor qubit grids. Next to its compatibility with advanced semiconductor manufacturing, germanium is also a highly versatile material. It has exciting physics properties such as spin-orbit coupling and it can make contact to materials like superconductors.
Germanium is therefore considered as an excellent platform in several quantum technologies.
Their work has been published in Nature.
